%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Allgemein
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

@online{wikisupra,
    author = {Wikipedia},
    title = {Supraventricular tachycardia},
    urlseen = {2017-10-07},
    url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia},
    month = {},
    year = {},
    keywords = {online}
}


@book{herold2017innere,
    author = {Herold, Gerd},
    title = {Innere Medizin 2017},
    publisher = {Herold, Gerd},
    year = {2016},
    address = {Köln},
    isbn = {978-3981466065},
    keywords = {book}
 }

@book{ekg-info,
    author = {Börger, Hans},
    title = {EKG-Information : Grundlagen, vektorielle Deutung, morphologische Interpretation, klinische Syndrome, Rhythmusstörungen, Schrittmacher-EKG, EKG-Technik und Artefakte},
    publisher = {Steinkopff},
    year = {1987},
    address = {Darmstadt},
    isbn = {3798507104},
    keywords = {book}
}

@book{book-ab,
    Author = {Valentin Fuster and Richard Walsh and Robert A. Harrington},
    Title = {Hurst's the Heart, 13th Edition: Two Volume Set},
    Publisher = {McGraw-Hill Education / Medical},
    Year = {2011},
    ISBN = {0071636463},
    keywords = {book}
}

@book{book-vhf,
    author = {Börger, Hans},
    title = {EKG-Information : Grundlagen, vektorielle Deutung, morphologische Interpretation, klinische Syndrome, Rhythmusstörungen, Schrittmacher-EKG, EKG-Technik und Artefakte},
    publisher = {Steinkopff},
    year = {1994},
    address = {Darmstadt},
    isbn = {978-3-7985-0903-0}
}

@article{entrainment,
    abstract = {Entrainment is an important pacing maneuver that can be used to identify reentry as a tachycardia mechanism and define components of the circuit. This review examines how principles of entrainment can be used to arrive at a firm supraventricular tachycardia diagnosis using a simple algorithm and builds a foundation for the application of entrainment to more complex or unknown circuits.},
    author = {Veenhuyzen, George D and Quinn, F Russell},
    issn = {0972-6292},
    journal = {Indian pacing and electrophysiology journal},
    keywords = {Entrainment,antidromic,diagnosis,orthodromic,supraventricular},
    month = {2},
    number = {1},
    pages = {51--65},
    pmid = {18270602},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    title = {{Principles of entrainment: diagnostic utility for supraventricular tachycardia.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18270602 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2231607},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2008}
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Einleitung
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@article{svt-statistics,
    abstract = {OBJECTIVES We sought to determine the epidemiology and clinical significance of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) in the general population. BACKGROUND Current knowledge of PSVT has been derived primarily from otherwise healthy patients referred to specialized centers. METHODS We used the resources of the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area, a region covering practically all medical care received by its 50,000 residents. A review of 1,763 records identified prevalent cases as of July 1, 1991 and all new cases of PSVT diagnosed from that day until June 30, 1993. A mean follow-up period of 2 years was completed in all incident patients. Patients without other cardiovascular disease were labeled as having "lone PSVT." RESULTS The prevalence was 2.25/1,000 persons and the incidence was 35/100,000 person-years (95{\%} confidence interval, 23 to 47/100,000). Other cardiovascular disease was present in 90{\%} of males and 48{\%} of females (p = 0.0495). Compared with patients with other cardiovascular disease, those with lone PSVT were younger (mean 37 vs. 69 years, p = 0.0002), had a faster PSVT heart rate (mean 186 vs. 155 beats/min, p = 0.0006) and were more likely to have their condition first documented in the emergency room (69{\%} vs. 30{\%}, p = 0.0377). The onset of symptoms occurred during the childbearing years in 58{\%} of females with lone PSVT versus 9{\%} of females with other cardiovascular disease (p = 0.0272). CONCLUSIONS There are approximately 89,000 new cases/year and 570,000 persons with PSVT in the United States. In the general population, there are two distinct subsets of patients with PSVT: those with other cardiovascular disease and those with lone PSVT. Our data suggest etiologic heterogeneity in the pathogenesis of PSVT and the need for more population-based research on this common condition.},
    author = {Orejarena, L A and Vidaillet, H and DeStefano, F and Nordstrom, D L and Vierkant, R A and Smith, P N and Hayes, J J},
    issn = {0735-1097},
    journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {150--7},
    pmid = {9426034},
    title = {{Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in the general population.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9426034},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1998}
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Sinusknoten
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

@article{sinus-allgemein,
    abstract = {Sinus tachycardia, in the forms of four distinct rhythm disturbances, is frequently encountered in clinical practice but is often overlooked. The most common rhythm, normal sinus tachycardia, whether physiologic, pathologic or iatrogenic, is predominantly catecholamine driven, is virtually asymptomatic and is managed by identifying and treating the underlying cause. The other so-called primary sinus tachycardias, which include inappropriate sinus tachycardia, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and sinus node re-entry tachycardia, have fundamentally different clinical features, basic underlying etiologic mechanisms and treatment strategies. Differentiation of these types from normal sinus tachycardia and from other atrial arrhythmias is crucial for successful management. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate therapy of the sinus tachycardias not only prevents multiple consultations but might also have important long-term prognostic implications.},
    author = {Yusuf, Shamil and Camm, A John},
    doi = {10.1038/ncpcardio0068},
    issn = {1743-4297},
    journal = {Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {44--52},
    pmid = {16265342},
    title = {{The sinus tachycardias}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16265342 http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/ncpcardio0068},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2005}
}


%IST

@article{ist-allgemein,
    abstract = {Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a syndrome in which the sinus heart rate is inexplicably faster than expected and associated symptoms are present. The heart rate at rest, even in a supine position, can exceed 100 beats/min; minimal activity accelerates the rate rapidly and substantially. Patients with IST may require restriction from physical activity. Mechanisms responsible for IST are understood incompletely. It is important to distinguish IST from so-called appropriate sinus tachycardia and from postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome, with which overlap may occur. Because the long-term outcome seems to be benign, treatment may be unnecessary or may be as simple as physical training. However, for patients with intolerable symptoms, therapeutic measures are warranted. Even at high doses, $\beta$-adrenergic blockers, the first-line therapy, often are ineffective; the same is true for most other medical therapies. In rare instances, catheter- or surgically- based right atrial or sinus node modification may be helpful, but even this is fraught with limited efficacy and potential complications. Overtreatment, in an attempt to reduce symptoms, can be difficult to avoid, but is discouraged.},
    author = {Olshansky, Brian and Sullivan, Renee M.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jacc.2012.07.074},
    issn = {07351097},
    journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
    month = {2},
    number = {8},
    pages = {793--801},
    pmid = {23265330},
    title = {{Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23265330 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0735109712055180},
    volume = {61},
    year = {2013}
}

@article{ist-example,
    abstract = {We experienced a man in his 20s with inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) initially diagnosed and treated as depression who was steadily treated with radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) using an EnSite™ system. The patient has remained well without any symptoms or medications, including antidepressants, for two years since the RFCA. To avoid missing IST and treating it as an emotional problem and/or mental illness such as depression, physicians - including cardiologists - should be aware of these conditions when examining patients with multiple and incapacitating complaints including palpitations and general fatigue and/or tachycardia, especially characterized by an elevated resting heart rate or a disproportionate increase in the heart rate with minimal exertion.},
    author = {Masumoto, Akihiro and Takemoto, Masao and Mito, Takahiro and Tanaka, Atsushi and Kawano, Yuki and Kumeda, Hiroshi and Kang, Honsa and Matsuo, Atsutoshi and Hida, Satoru and Okazaki, Teiji and Tayama, Kei-ichiro and Yoshitake, Kiyonobu and Kosuga, Kenichi},
    doi = {10.2169/internalmedicine.56.7579},
    issn = {0918-2918},
    journal = {Internal Medicine},
    number = {5},
    pages = {523--526},
    pmid = {28250298},
    title = {{Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia Diagnosed and Treated as Depression Successfully Treated by Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28250298 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5399203 https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/56/5/56{\_}56.7579/{\_}article},
    volume = {56},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{ist-metoprolol,
    abstract = {AIMS Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a clinical syndrome characterized by excessive resting heart rate (HR) or disproportional increasing HR during exercise. The treatment of IST symptoms using beta-blockers or calcium channel-blockers is often non-effective or not well tolerated. Ivabradine is a new agent inhibiting sinus node I(f) current, resulting in a decrease of HR without haemodynamic compromise. METHODS AND RESULTS We enrolled 20 patients (36 ± 10 years; 14 women) affected by IST and resistant to previous administered therapy by using beta-blockers or verapamil. After 4 weeks of treatment with metoprolol succinate (up to 190 mg once a day) the therapy was switched to ivabradine up to 7.5 mg twice daily. Holter monitoring and treadmill stress test were performed after 1 and 2 months following start of the study. We observed a significant reduction of resting HR both for metoprolol and for ivabradine compared with baseline (92.8 vs. 90.2 vs. 114.3 b.p.m.; P{\textless} 0.001). During daily activity there was an even larger decrease of HR on ivabradine (mean daytime HR 94.6 vs. 87.1 vs. 107.3 b.p.m.; P{\textless} 0.001). Ivabradine was very well tolerated whereas in 10 patients on metoprolol we observed hypotension or bradycardia requiring dose reduction. Significantly lower incidence of IST-related symptoms were registered on ivabradine therapy than on metoprolol. Fourteen patients (70{\%}) treated with I(f) blocker were free of IST-related complaints. CONCLUSIONS Metoprolol and ivabradine exert a similar effect on resting HR in patients with IST. Ivabradine seems to be more effective to relieve symptoms during exercise or daily activity.},
    author = {Ptaszynski, P. and Kaczmarek, K. and Ruta, J. and Klingenheben, T. and Wranicz, J. K.},
    doi = {10.1093/europace/eus204},
    issn = {1099-5129},
    journal = {Europace},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {116--121},
    pmid = {22772053},
    title = {{Metoprolol succinate vs. ivabradine in the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia in patients unresponsive to previous pharmacological therapy}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22772053 https://academic.oup.com/europace/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/europace/eus204},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2013}
}

@article{ist-ivabradine,
    abstract = {Inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is an incompletely understood condition, characterised by an elevation in heart rate (HR) accompanied by wide ranging symptoms in the absence of an underlying physiological stimulus. The condition often takes a chronic course with significant adverse effects on quality of life. Currently, there is no effective treatment for IST. Beta-blockers, generally considered the cornerstone of treatment, are often ineffective and poorly tolerated. Ivabradine is a novel sinus node If 'funny current' inhibitor, which reduces the HR. It has been approved for the treatment of beta-blocker refractory chronic systolic heart failure and chronic stable angina but more recently has shown promise in the treatment of IST. This review provides an overview of IST prevalence and mechanisms followed by an examination of the evidence for the role and efficacy of ivabradine in the treatment of IST.},
    author = {Abed, H S and Fulcher, J R and Kilborn, M J and Keech, A C},
    doi = {10.1111/imj.13093},
    issn = {1445-5994},
    journal = {Internal medicine journal},
    keywords = {inappropriate sinus tachycardia,ivabradine},
    month = {6},
    number = {8},
    pages = {875--83},
    pmid = {27059112},
    title = {{Inappropriate sinus tachycardia: focus on ivabradine}},
    url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/imj.13093 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27059112},
    volume = {46},
    year = {2016}
}

%Sinusknoten-Reenry-Tachykardie

@online{sanrt-uptodate,
    author = {Homoud, Munther K},
    editors = {Lévy, Samuel and Downey, Brian C},
    title = {Sinoatrial nodal reentrant tachycardia (SANRT)},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/sinoatrial-nodal-reentrant-tachycardia-sanrt},
    month = {9},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 15.10.2017)},
    keywords = {online}
}


@article{sanrt-fat,
    author = {Page, Richard L. and Joglar, Jos{\'{e}} A. and Caldwell, Mary A. and Calkins, Hugh and Conti, Jamie B. and Deal, Barbara J. and Estes, N.A. Mark and Field, Michael E. and Goldberger, Zachary D. and Hammill, Stephen C. and Indik, Julia H. and Lindsay, Bruce D. and Olshansky, Brian and Russo, Andrea M. and Shen, Win-Kuang and Tracy, Cynthia M. and Al-Khatib, Sana M.},
    doi = {10.1016/J.JACC.2015.08.856},
    issn = {0735-1097},
    journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
    month = {4},
    number = {13},
    pages = {e27--e115},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    title = {{2015 ACC/AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society}},
    url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109715058404?via{\%}3Dihub},
    volume = {67},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{sanrt-fat-old,
    author = {Page, Richard L. and Joglar, Jos{\'{e}} A. and Caldwell, Mary A. and Calkins, Hugh and Conti, Jamie B. and Deal, Barbara J. and {Estes III}, N.A. Mark and Field, Michael E. and Goldberger, Zachary D. and Hammill, Stephen C. and Indik, Julia H. and Lindsay, Bruce D. and Olshansky, Brian and Russo, Andrea M. and Shen, Win-Kuang and Tracy, Cynthia M. and Al-Khatib, Sana M.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.019},
    issn = {15475271},
    journal = {Heart Rhythm},
    keywords = {ACC/AHA Clinical Practice Guidelines,Valsalva maneuver,Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,accessory atrioventricular bundle,anti-arrhythmia agents,atrial flutter,atrioventricular nodal reentry,cardiac,catheter ablation,congenital,death,ectopic atrial,ectopic junctional,electric countershock,electrophysiologic techniques,heart defects,reciprocating,sinus tachycardia,sudden,supraventricular,tachycardia},
    month = {4},
    number = {4},
    pages = {e136--e221},
    pmid = {26409100},
    title = {{2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26409100 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1547527115011893},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2016}
}


%POTS

@article{pots-allgemein,
    abstract = {Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is an autonomic disturbance which has become better understood in recent years. It is now thought to encompass a group of disorders that have similar clinical features, such as orthostatic intolerance, but individual distinguishing parameters--for example, blood pressure and pulse rate. The clinical picture, diagnosis, and management of POTS are discussed.},
    author = {Agarwal, A K and Garg, R and Ritch, A and Sarkar, P},
    doi = {10.1136/pgmj.2006.055046},
    issn = {1469-0756},
    journal = {Postgraduate medical journal},
    month = {6},
    number = {981},
    pages = {478--80},
    pmid = {17621618},
    publisher = {BMJ Publishing Group},
    title = {{Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17621618 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC2600095},
    volume = {83},
    year = {2007}
}

@article{pots-example,
    abstract = {Because there are many young women between the ages of 12 and 25 years who have been diagnosed with postural orthostatic syndrome (POTS), with the time to the diagnosis of about 5 years, it is important for health care providers to have an understanding of the clinical presentation of POTS to manage the diagnosis appropriately. The purpose of this article is to present a case study review of an adolescent woman who experienced POTS syndrome at age 16 years and to provide a clinical overview of POTS in the adolescent population.},
    author = {Mohr, Lynn D.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.04.013},
    issn = {08915245},
    journal = {Journal of Pediatric Health Care},
    keywords = {Adolescent care,POTS,cardiac,gastrointestinal disorder,postural tachycardia syndrome},
    month = {6},
    pmid = {28600184},
    title = {{A Case Report and Review of Postural Orthostatic Syndrome in an Adolescent}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28600184 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0891524516304382},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{pots-standard,
    abstract = {Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is defined by a heart rate increment of 30 beats/min or more within 10 minutes of standing or head-up tilt in the absence of orthostatic hypotension; the standing heart rate is often 120 beats/min or higher. POTS manifests with symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion and excessive sympathoexcitation. The pathophysiology of POTS is heterogeneous and includes impaired sympathetically mediated vasoconstriction, excessive sympathetic drive, volume dysregulation, and deconditioning. POTS is frequently included in the differential diagnosis of chronic unexplained symptoms, such as inappropriate sinus tachycardia, chronic fatigue, chronic dizziness, or unexplained spells in otherwise healthy young individuals. Many patients with POTS also report symptoms not attributable to orthostatic intolerance, including those of functional gastrointestinal or bladder disorders, chronic headache, fibromyalgia, and sleep disturbances. In many of these cases, cognitive and behavioral factors, somatic hypervigilance associated with anxiety, depression, and behavioral amplification contribute to symptom chronicity. The aims of evaluation in patients with POTS are to exclude cardiac causes of inappropriate tachycardia; elucidate, if possible, the most likely pathophysiologic basis of postural intolerance; assess for the presence of treatable autonomic neuropathies; exclude endocrine causes of a hyperadrenergic state; evaluate for cardiovascular deconditioning; and determine the contribution of emotional and behavioral factors to the patient's symptoms. Management of POTS includes avoidance of precipitating factors, volume expansion, physical countermaneuvers, exercise training, pharmacotherapy (fludrocortisone, midodrine, $\beta$-blockers, and/or pyridostigmine), and behavioral-cognitive therapy. A literature search of PubMed for articles published from January 1, 1990, to June 15, 2012, was performed using the following terms (or combination of terms): POTS; postural tachycardia syndrome, orthostatic; orthostatic; syncope; sympathetic; baroreceptors; vestibulosympathetic; hypovolemia; visceral pain; chronic fatigue; deconditioning; headache; Chiari malformation; Ehlers-Danlos; emotion; amygdala; insula; anterior cingulate; periaqueductal gray; fludrocortisone; midodrine; propranolol; $\beta$-adrenergic; and pyridostigmine. Studies were limited to those published in English. Other articles were identified from bibliographies of the retrieved articles.},
    author = {Benarroch, Eduardo E.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.mayocp.2012.08.013},
    issn = {00256196},
    journal = {Mayo Clinic Proceedings},
    month = {12},
    number = {12},
    pages = {1214--1225},
    pmid = {23122672},
    title = {{Postural Tachycardia Syndrome: A Heterogeneous and Multifactorial Disorder}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23122672 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3547546 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0025619612008968},
    volume = {87},
    year = {2012}
}

@article{pots-standard2,
    abstract = {Patient O.T. is a 26-year-old white woman who works in the music industry. She was diagnosed with pneumonia and treated with inhalers. Shortly afterward, she developed spells of tachycardia. Her episodes of tachycardia were primarily associated with upright posture. In addition to rapid palpitations, she complained of lightheadedness and presyncope on standing, intermittent stabbing chest pains (typically on standing), mental clouding with an inability to concentrate, severe fatigue, and exercise intolerance. Orthostatic vital signs recorded a supine heart rate (HR) of 73 bpm with a blood pressure (BP) of 103/72 mm Hg. After standing for 1 minute, her HR increased to 106 bpm with a BP of 109/80 mm Hg, and after 5 minutes, her HR was 122 bpm with a BP of 118/75 mm Hg. She was diagnosed with postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS).
    
    Under normal conditions, the assumption of upright posture effects an instantaneous shift of ≈500 mL of blood from the thorax to the lower abdomen, buttocks, and legs. There is a secondary shift of plasma volume (10{\%} to 25{\%}) out of the vasculature and into the interstitial tissue, which decreases venous return to the heart (preload), resulting in a transient decline in cardiac filling and BP. This unloads the baroreceptors and triggers a compensatory decrease in parasympathetic tone and an increase in sympathetic activation, with a resultant increase in HR and systemic vasoconstriction (countering the initial decline in BP). The net hemodynamic effect of transition to upright posture is a 10- to 20-bpm increase in HR, a negligible change in systolic BP, and a ≈5-mm Hg increase in diastolic BP. Orthostatic dysregulation occurs when this gravitational regulatory mechanism does not respond properly. Patients can present with orthostatic hypotension (seen in autonomic nervous system failure) or with orthostatic tachycardia (seen in POTS). Patients with POTS typically maintain (or {\ldots}},
    author = {Raj, Satish R},
    doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.144501},
    issn = {1524-4539},
    journal = {Circulation},
    month = {6},
    number = {23},
    pages = {2336--42},
    pmid = {23753844},
    publisher = {American Heart Association, Inc.},
    title = {{Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS)}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23753844 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC3756553},
    volume = {127},
    year = {2013}
}


@online{wiki-ortho,
    author = {Wikipedia},
    title = {Orthostatische Dysregulation},
    url = {https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthostatische_Dysregulation#Orthostatische_Hypotonie},
    month = {10},
    year = {2009},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 21.10.2017)}
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Vorhof
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%Vorhofflimmern

@online{vhf-uptodate,
    author = {Kumar, Kapil},
    editors = {Zimetbaum, Peter J and Saperia, Gordon M},
    title = {Overview of atrial fibrillation},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-atrial-fibrillation},
    month = {6},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 04.01.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@online{vhf-mayo,
    abstract = {Atrial fibrillation is an irregular and often rapid heart rate that can increase your risk of stroke, heart failure and other heart-related complications. During atrial fibrillation, the heart's two upper chambers (the atria) beat chaotically and irregularly — out of coordination with the two lower chambers (the ventricles) of the heart. Atrial fibrillation symptoms often include heart palpitations, shortness of breath and weakness.},
    author = {Mayo Clinic Staff},
    title = {{Atrial fibrillation}},
    organization = {Mayo Clinic},
    url = {https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/atrial-fibrillation/symptoms-causes/syc-20350624?p=1},
    month = {12},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 04.01.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@online{vhf-mechanism-uptodate,
    author = {Olshansky, Brian and Arora, Rishi},
    editors = {Knight, Bradley P and Calkins, Hugh and Saperia, Gordon M},
    title = {{Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation}},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mechanisms-of-atrial-fibrillation},
    month = {6},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 04.01.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{vhf-mechanism,
    abstract = {Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that can occur as the result of numerous different pathophysiological processes in the atria. Some aspects of the morphological and electrophysiological alterations promoting AF have been studied extensively in animal models. Atrial tachycardia or AF itself shortens atrial refractoriness and causes loss of atrial contractility. Aging, neurohumoral activation, and chronic atrial stretch due to structural heart disease activate a variety of signaling pathways leading to histological changes in the atria including myocyte hypertrophy, fibroblast proliferation, and complex alterations of the extracellular matrix including tissue fibrosis. These changes in electrical, contractile, and structural properties of the atria have been called "atrial remodeling." The resulting electrophysiological substrate is characterized by shortening of atrial refractoriness and reentrant wavelength or by local conduction heterogeneities caused by disruption of electrical interconnections between muscle bundles. Under these conditions, ectopic activity originating from the pulmonary veins or other sites is more likely to occur and to trigger longer episodes of AF. Many of these alterations also occur in patients with or at risk for AF, although the direct demonstration of these mechanisms is sometimes challenging. The diversity of etiological factors and electrophysiological mechanisms promoting AF in humans hampers the development of more effective therapy of AF. This review aims to give a translational overview on the biological basis of atrial remodeling and the proarrhythmic mechanisms involved in the fibrillation process. We pay attention to translation of pathophysiological insights gained from in vitro experiments and animal models to patients. Also, suggestions for future research objectives and therapeutical implications are discussed.},
    author = {Schotten, Ulrich and Verheule, Sander and Kirchhof, Paulus and Goette, Andreas},
    doi = {10.1152/physrev.00031.2009},
    issn = {0031-9333},
    journal = {Physiological Reviews},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {265--325},
    pmid = {21248168},
    title = {{Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Atrial Fibrillation: A Translational Appraisal}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248168 http://www.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/physrev.00031.2009},
    volume = {91},
    year = {2011}
}

@online{vhf-ecg-uptodate,
    author = {Olshansky, Brian},
    editors = {Goldberger, Ary L and Knight, Bradley P and Saperia, Gordon M},
    title = {{The electrocardiogram in atrial fibrillation}},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/the-electrocardiogram-in-atrial-fibrillation},
    month = {3},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 06.01.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{vhf-cha2ds2vasc-hasbled,
    abstract = {A 65-year-old woman with a history of myocardial infarction presented to the emergency department with palpitations. ECG on admission documented atrial fibrillation (AF), which subsequently reverted spontaneously to sinus rhythm. Echocardiogram revealed mild systolic impairment, normal left atrial size, and normal valves. Thyroid function tests were normal. She returned to the outpatient clinic 4 weeks later with a history of intermittent palpitations. Her average clinic blood pressure was 140/85 mm Hg, and the 30-day cardiac loop monitor demonstrated AF, which coincided with diary entries of symptoms of palpitations. What is the most appropriate stroke prophylaxis for this patient, given her new-onset AF?
    AF increases the risk of stroke 5-fold, and anticoagulant therapy reduces the risk of stroke and all-cause mortality.1,2 Consequently, clinical guidelines recommend stroke thromboprophylaxis among AF patients unless they are at low risk; low-risk patients are defined as those with age {\textless}65 years and lone AF.1,2 Indeed, the risk of stroke among patients with AF is heterogeneous and depends on the presence of various stroke risk factors.3,4
    Numerous stroke risk stratification schemas have been developed on the basis of risk factors identified from nonwarfarin arms of clinical trials, cohort studies, and consensus expert panels. These schemas vary in their complexity and the number of risk factors they include and have conventionally categorized AF patients into low, moderate, and high risk. Traditionally, guidelines have recommended aspirin or antiplatelet therapy for those at low risk of stroke and oral anticoagulation (OAC) for those at high risk, whereas individuals at moderate risk have the option of receiving either aspirin or oral anticoagulation. To determine the most appropriate antithrombotic therapy for each patient, the individual risk of stroke should be assessed.
    Systematic reviews3–5 demonstrate that the main risk factors for {\ldots}},
    author = {Lane, Deirdre A and Lip, Gregory Y H},
    doi = {10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.060061},
    issn = {1524-4539},
    journal = {Circulation},
    month = {6},
    number = {7},
    pages = {860--5},
    pmid = {22891166},
    publisher = {American Heart Association, Inc.},
    title = {{Use of the CHA(2)DS(2)-VASc and HAS-BLED scores to aid decision making for thromboprophylaxis in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22891166},
    volume = {126},
    year = {2012}
}

@article{vhf-asa,
    abstract = {It was the aim of this study to determine the efficacy and safety of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF), with separate analyses according to predicted thromboembolic and bleeding risk. By individual level-linkage of nationwide registries, we identified all patients discharged with non-valvular AF in Denmark (n=132,372). For every patient, the risk of stroke and bleeding was calculated by CHADS₂, CHA₂DS₂-VASc, and HAS-BLED. During follow-up, treatment with VKA and ASA was determined time-dependently. VKA consistently lowered the risk of thromboembolism compared to ASA and no treatment; the combination of VKA+ASA did not yield any additional benefit. In patients at high thromboembolic risk, hazard ratios (95{\%} confidence interval) for thromboembolism were: 1.81 (1.73-1.90), 1.14 (1.06-1.23), and 1.86 (1.78-1.95) for ASA, VKA+ASA, and no treatment, respectively, compared to VKA. The risk of bleeding was increased with VKA, ASA, and VKA+ASA compared to no treatment, the hazard ratios were: 1.0 (VKA; reference), 0.93 (ASA; 0.89-0.97), 1.64 (VKA+ASA; 1.55-1.74), and 0.84 (no treatment; 0.81-0.88), respectively. There was a neutral or positive net clinical benefit (ischaemic stroke vs. intracranial haemorrhage) with VKA alone in patients with a CHADS₂ score of ≥ 0, and CHA₂DS₂-VASc score of ≥ 1. This large cohort study confirms the efficacy of VKA and no effect of ASA treatment on the risk of stroke/thromboembolism. Also, the risk of bleeding was increased with both VKA and ASA treatment, but the net clinical benefit was clearly positive, in favour of VKA in patients with increased risk of stroke/thromboembolism.},
    author = {Olesen, J. B. and Lip, G. Y. H. and Lindhardsen, J. and Lane, D. A. and Ahlehoff, O. and Hansen, M. L. and Rauns{\o}, J. and Tolstrup, J. S. and Hansen, P. R. and Gislason, G. H. and Torp-Pedersen, C.},
    doi = {10.1160/TH11-05-0364},
    issn = {0340-6245},
    journal = {Thrombosis and Haemostasis},
    month = {7},
    number = {4},
    pages = {739--749},
    pmid = {21789337},
    title = {{Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: A net clinical benefit analysis using a ‘real world' nationwide cohort study}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21789337 http://www.schattauer.de/index.php?id=1214{\&}doi=10.1160/TH11-05-0364},
    volume = {106},
    year = {2011}
}

@article{vhf-guideline,
    author = {January, Craig T and Wann, L Samuel and Alpert, Joseph S and Calkins, Hugh and Cigarroa, Joaquin E and Cleveland, Joseph C and Conti, Jamie B and Ellinor, Patrick T and Ezekowitz, Michael D and Field, Michael E and Murray, Katherine T and Sacco, Ralph L and Stevenson, William G and Tchou, Patrick J and Tracy, Cynthia M and Yancy, Clyde W and {ACC/AHA Task Force Members}},
    doi = {10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041},
    issn = {1524-4539},
    journal = {Circulation},
    keywords = {AHA Scientific Statements,atrial fibrillation,cardio-renal physiology/pathophysiology,cardiomyopathy,cardiovascular surgery: transplantation,epidemiology,full revision,health policy and outcome research,other atrial fibrillation,ventricular assistance},
    month = {12},
    number = {23},
    pages = {e199--267},
    pmid = {24682347},
    title = {{2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society.}},
    url = {http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682347 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC4676081},
    volume = {130},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{vhf-bioprosthetic,
    abstract = {This is an observational study to investigate the efficacy and safety of nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients with bioprosthetic valves or prior surgical valve repair in clinical practice. A total of 122 patients (mean age: 74.1 ± 13.2; 54 females) with bioprosthetic heart valve or surgical valve repair and AF treated with NOACs were included in the analysis. The mean CHA2DS2-VASc (Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age {\textgreater}75 years, Diabetes mellitus, prior Stroke or transient ischemic attack, Vascular disease) and HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal renal and liver function, Stroke, Bleeding, Labile INR [international normalized ratio], Elderly, Drugs or alcohol) score values were 3.6 ± 1.2 and 2.6 ± 1.4, respectively. Of the total study population, 28.6{\%} was taking apixaban 5 mg twice daily (BID), 24.5{\%} apixaban 2.5 mg BID, 18{\%} dabigatran 150 mg BID, 13{\%} dabigatran 110 mg BID, 9.8{\%} rivaroxaban 20 mg daily (QD), and 5.7{\%} rivaroxaban 15 mg QD. Also, 92{\%} of the study population previously had warfarin replaced with NOACs due to lack compliance and labile INR control (time in therapeutic range {\textless} 60{\%}). NOAC therapy for AF was started on average 934 ± 567 days after bioprosthetic heart valve implantation or surgical repair for an average duration of 835 ± 203 days. The study population included 24 (19.6{\%}) patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve, 52 (43{\%}) patients with bioprosthetic aortic valve, 41 (33.6{\%}) patients with previous surgical mitral repair, 5 (4{\%}) patients with previous surgical aortic repair, and concomitant use of NOACs. All patients were evaluated for thromboembolic events (ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism) as well as major bleeding events during the follow-up period. In our study population, we recorded a low mean annual incidence of thromboembolism (0.8{\%}) and major bleeding (1.3{\%}). According to our data, anticoagulation therapy with NOACs seems to be an effective and a safe treatment strategy for nonvalvular AF patients with bioprosthetic valves or prior surgical valve repair.},
    author = {Russo, Vincenzo and Attena, Emilio and Mazzone, Carmine and Esposito, Francesca and Parisi, Valentina and Bancone, Ciro and Rago, Anna and Nigro, Gerardo and Sangiuolo, Raffaele and {D' Onofrio}, Antonio},
    doi = {10.1055/s-0037-1615261},
    issn = {0094-6176},
    journal = {Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis},
    month = {1},
    pmid = {29304513},
    title = {{Nonvitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants Use in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Heart Valves/Prior Surgical Valve Repair: A Multicenter Clinical Practice Experience}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29304513 http://www.thieme-connect.de/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0037-1615261},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{vhf-doak-1,
    abstract = {PURPOSE Prosthetic valve replacement is performed in several hundred thousand patients worldwide annually, and many of these patients have or will ultimately develop atrial fibrillation or flutter (AF). Novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are not recommended in patients with AF and mechanical valves but have not been evaluated in patients with bioprosthetic valves. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy and safety of NOACs in patients with AF and bioprosthetic valves. METHODS A retrospective single-center cohort study was performed on all patients with bioprosthetic valve implantation, for whom a NOAC was prescribed for the indication of AF. Patients were evaluated for thromboembolic events including imaging confirmed ischemic stroke, clinically suspected transient ischemic attack, and major bleeding events (according to International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis definition). RESULTS In total, 73 patients (26 female, 35.6 {\%}) were identified. NOAC therapy began, on average, 990.0 ± 1029.1 days after bioprosthetic valve implantation for an average duration of 511.8 ± 400.8 days. Aspirin was used concomitantly in a majority of patients (72.6 {\%}). There were no ischemic strokes identified (0.0 {\%}) and one possible TIA (1.4 {\%}). There were 6 (8.2 {\%}) minor and 5 (6.9 {\%}) major bleeding events. CONCLUSION The use of NOAC therapy for AF in patients with bioprosthetic valves appears safe and effective in the occurrence of thromboembolic events, however, at the expense of increased bleeding. Larger studies are necessary to confirm these findings.},
    author = {Yadlapati, Ajay and Groh, Christopher and Malaisrie, S. Chris and Gajjar, Mark and Kruse, Jane and Meyers, Sheridan and Passman, Rod},
    doi = {10.1007/s00392-015-0919-z},
    issn = {1861-0684},
    journal = {Clinical Research in Cardiology},
    keywords = {Anticoagulation,Atrial fibrillation,Atrial flutter,Bioprosthetic,Novel anticoagulants,Safety},
    month = {3},
    number = {3},
    pages = {268--272},
    pmid = {26384981},
    title = {{Efficacy and safety of novel oral anticoagulants in patients with bioprosthetic valves}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384981 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00392-015-0919-z},
    volume = {105},
    year = {2016}
}

@online{valves-doak-uptodate,
    author = {Gaasch, William H and Konkle, Barbara A},
    editors = {Otto, Catherine M and Leung, Lawrence LK and Yeon, Susan B, JD and Tirnauer, Jennifer S},
    title = {{Antithrombotic therapy for prosthetic heart valves: Indications}},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/antithrombotic-therapy-for-prosthetic-heart-valves-indications},
    month = {10},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 07.01.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{noak-bridging,
    author = {Buerke, M. and Hoffmeister, H. M.},
    doi = {10.1007/s00063-016-0240-2},
    month = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {105--110},
    publisher = {Springer Medizin},
    title = {{Steuerung der NOAK-Gabe bei invasiven oder operativen Interventionen}},
    url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00063-016-0240-2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28074293},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{laa-lariat,
    abstract = {BACKGROUND Watchman and Lariat left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion devices are associated with LAA leaks postdeployment. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the incidence, characteristics, and clinical significance of these leaks. METHODS We performed a multicenter prospective observational study of all patients who underwent LAA closure. Baseline, procedural, and imaging variables along with LAA occlusion rates at 30-90 days and 1-year postprocedure were compared. RESULTS A total of 478 patients (219 with the Watchman device and 259 with the Lariat device) with successful implants were included. Patients in the Lariat group had a higher CHADS2 (congestive heart failure, hypertension, age {\textgreater}74 years, diabetes, stroke) score and a larger left atrium and LAA. A total of 79 patients (17{\%}) had a detectable leak at 1 year. More patients in the Watchman group had a leak compared with those in the Lariat group (46 [21{\%}] vs 33 [14{\%}]; P = .019). All the leaks were eccentric (edge effect) in the Watchman group and concentric (gunny sack effect) in the Lariat group. The size of the leak was larger in the Watchman group than in the Lariat group (3.10 ± 1.5 mm vs 2.15 ± 1.3 mm; P = .001). The Watchman group had 1 device embolization requiring surgery and 2 pericardial effusions requiring pericardiocentesis. In the Lariat group, 4 patients had cardiac tamponade requiring urgent surgical repair. Three patients in each group had a cerebrovascular accident and were not associated with device leaks. CONCLUSION The Lariat device is associated with a lower rate of leaks at 1 year as compared with the Watchman device, with no difference in rates of cerebrovascular accident. There was no correlation between the presence of residual leak and the occurrence of cerebrovascular accident.},
    author = {Pillarisetti, Jayasree and Reddy, Yeruva Madhu and Gunda, Sampath and Swarup, Vijay and Lee, Randall and Rasekh, Abdi and Horton, Rodney and Massumi, Ali and Cheng, Jie and Bartus, Krzystzof and Badhwar, Nitish and Han, Frederick and Atkins, Donita and Bommana, Sudharani and Earnest, Matthew and Nath, Jayant and Ferrell, Ryan and Bormann, Steven and Dawn, Buddhadeb and {Di Biase}, Luigi and Mansour, Moussa and Natale, Andrea and Lakkireddy, Dhanunjaya},
    doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.020},
    issn = {15475271},
    journal = {Heart Rhythm},
    keywords = {Efficacy,Exclusion,Lariat,Left atrial appendage,Safety,Watchman device},
    month = {7},
    number = {7},
    pages = {1501--1507},
    pmid = {25778430},
    title = {{Endocardial (Watchman) vs epicardial (Lariat) left atrial appendage exclusion devices: Understanding the differences in the location and type of leaks and their clinical implications}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25778430 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1547527115002775},
    volume = {12},
    year = {2015}
}

@article{vhf-prevalence-germany,
    author = {Schnabel, Renate B. and Wilde, Sandra and Wild, Philipp S. and Munzel, Thomas and Blankenberg, Stefan},
    doi = {10.3238/arztebl.2012.0293},
    issn = {1866-0452},
    journal = {Deutsches Aerzteblatt Online},
    month = {4},
    title = {{Atrial Fibrillation}},
    url = {https://www.aerzteblatt.de/10.3238/arztebl.2012.0293},
    year = {2012}
}

@online{vhf-ecg-example,
    author = {Burns, Ed},
    title = {{Atrial Fibrillation}},
    organization = {Life In The Fastlane},
    url = {https://litfl.com/atrial-fibrillation-ecg-library/},
    month = {11},
    year = {2018},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 25.01.2019)},
    keywords = {online}
}


%Vorhofflattern

@online{afl-uptodate,
    author = {Phang, Robert and Prutkin, Jordan M and Ganz, Leonard I},
    editors = {Zimetbaum, Peter J and Saperia, Gordon M},
    title = {{Overview of atrial flutter}},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-atrial-flutter},
    month = {5},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 07.03.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{afl-typical-atypical,
    abstract = {Clinical electrophysiology has made the traditional classification of rapid atrial rhythms into flutter and tachycardia of little clinical use. Electrophysiological studies have defined multiple mechanisms of tachycardia, both re-entrant and focal, with varying ECG morphologies and rates, authenticated by the results of catheter ablation of the focal triggers or critical isthmuses of re-entry circuits. In patients without a history of heart disease, cardiac surgery or catheter ablation, typical flutter ECG remains predictive of a right atrial re-entry circuit dependent on the inferior vena cava–tricuspid isthmus that can be very effectively treated by ablation, although late incidence of atrial fibrillation remains a problem. Secondary prevention, based on the treatment of associated atrial fibrillation risk factors, is emerging as a therapeutic option. In patients subjected to cardiac surgery or catheter ablation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation or showing atypical ECG patterns, macro-re-entrant and focal tachycardia mechanisms can be very complex and electrophysiological studies are necessary to guide ablation treatment in poorly tolerated cases.},
    author = {Cos{\'{i}}o, Francisco G},
    doi = {10.15420/aer.2017.5.2},
    issn = {2050-3369},
    journal = {Arrhythmia {\&} Electrophysiology Review},
    keywords = {Typical atrial flutter,atypical atrial flutter,classification of atrial tachycardias,flutter ablation,macro-re-entrant atrial tachycardia},
    month = {6},
    number = {2},
    pages = {55},
    pmid = {28835836},
    title = {{Atrial Flutter, Typical and Atypical: A Review}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835836 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5522718 https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/atrial-flutter-typical-and-atypical-review},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}


%FAT und MAT

@article{fat-mat,
    abstract = {Atrial tachycardia is an uncommon arrhythmia and may be focal or macroreentrant. This review concentrates on focal atrial tachycardia. Over the last decade there have been a number of advances in delineating the mechanism and anatomic locations of focal atrial tachycardia. The lack of efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy and the advent of radiofrequency ablation have altered our primary approach to the treatment of focal atrial tachycardia. This review discusses the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of focal atrial tachycardia. There is particular focus on the mechanisms, anatomic locations, and P wave morphology, as well as the techniques of mapping and radiofrequency ablation.},
    author = {Roberts-Thomson, Kurt C. and Kistler, Peter M. and Kalman, Jonathan M.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2005.06.004},
    issn = {01462806},
    journal = {Current Problems in Cardiology},
    month = {10},
    number = {10},
    pages = {529--573},
    pmid = {16182016},
    title = {{Atrial Tachycardia: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16182016 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0146280605000952},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2005}
}

@online{fat-uptodate,
    author = {Kistler, Peter},
    editors = {Lévy, Samuel  and Downey, Brian C},
    title = {{Focal atrial tachycardia}},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/focal-atrial-tachycardia},
    month = {8},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 15.03.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{fat-mechanism,
    abstract = {Atrial tachycardia (AT) may be focal or macroreentrant. In this review we will concentrate on focal AT. The diagnosis of focal AT may be made from a standard electrocardiogram (ECG); however, in some cases differentiation from other forms of supraventricular tachycardia may be difficult. Focal AT may be due to several different mechanisms, including abnormal automaticity, triggered activity, and microreentry. Focal AT does not occur randomly throughout the atria but has a characteristic anatomic distribution. In this review, we particularly focus on the clinical features, diagnosis, mechanisms, and anatomic location of focal AT.},
    author = {Roberts-Thomson, Kurt C. and Kistler, Peter M. and Kalman, Jonathan M.},
    doi = {10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00413.x},
    issn = {0147-8389},
    journal = {Pacing and Clinical Electrophysiology},
    month = {6},
    number = {6},
    pages = {643--652},
    pmid = {16784432},
    title = {{Focal Atrial Tachycardia I: Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Mechanisms, and Anatomic Location}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16784432 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1540-8159.2006.00413.x},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2006}
}


%MAT

@article{mat-1,
    author = {Desforges, Jane F. and Kastor, John A.},
    doi = {10.1056/NEJM199006143222405},
    issn = {0028-4793},
    journal = {New England Journal of Medicine},
    month = {6},
    number = {24},
    pages = {1713--1717},
    pmid = {2188131},
    title = {{Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2188131 http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199006143222405},
    volume = {322},
    year = {1990}
}

@online{mat-uptodate,
    author = {Buxton, Alfred},
    editors = {Ganz, Leonard I and Downey, Brian C},
    title = {{Multifocal atrial tachycardia}},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/multifocal-atrial-tachycardia},
    month = {10},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 17.03.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{mat-origin,
    abstract = {A 64-year-old woman experienced reproducible palpitation caused by irregular atrial tachycardia (AT) while swallowing. This tachycardia was resistant to multiple antiarrhythmic drugs and $\beta$-blockers. Catheter mapping revealed right pulmonary vein (PV) firings with different activation sequences, thereby producing multifocal AT. Extensive encircling isolation of ipsilateral right PVs abolished the multifocal AT. Although isolated right PVs were captured by pacing, dissociated PV firings were not induced by swallowing after radiofrequency catheter ablation.},
    author = {Yokoshiki, Hisashi and Mitsuyama, Hirofumi and Watanabe, Masaya and Tsutsui, Hiroyuki},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2010.12.161},
    issn = {00220736},
    journal = {Journal of Electrocardiology},
    month = {5},
    number = {3},
    pages = {395.e1--395.e5},
    pmid = {21353237},
    title = {{Swallowing-induced multifocal atrial tachycardia originating from right pulmonary veins}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21353237 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S002207361000782X},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2011}
}

@article{mat-mechanism,
    abstract = {Multifocal atrial tachycardia is a supraventricular tachycardia with a rapid, irregular atrial rhythm arising from multiple ectopic foci within the atria. This arrhythmia is characterized by a heart rate of greater than 100 beats per minute with organized atrial activity yielding three or more different non-sinus P-wave morphologies in the same lead. There are irregular PP intervals and an isoelectric baseline between P waves (Figure 1). This condition is typically seen in elderly patients with a variety of underlying conditions, the most common of which is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). While the pathogenesis is not well understood, it is generally asymptomatic, and most patients are hemodynamically stable. For the majority of patients, no treatment is required beyond treatment of underlying conditions. However, evaluation is important as this arrhythmia is a poor prognostic sign in the setting of acute illness.},
    author = {Custer, Adam M. and Lappin, Sarah L.},
    booktitle = {StatPearls},
    pmid = {29083603},
    title = {{Rhythm, Tachycardia, Multifocal Atrial (MAT)}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29083603},
    year = {2017},
    month = {10},
}

@online{mat-ecg-example,
    author = {Burns, Ed},
    title = {{Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)}},
    organization = {Life In The Fastlane},
    url = {https://litfl.com/multifocal-atrial-tachycardia-mat-ecg-library},
    month = {11},
    year = {2018},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 08.01.2019)},
    keywords = {online}
}



% IART

@article{iart-management,
    abstract = {PURPOSE OF REVIEW Intraatrial reentrant tachycardia (IART), a difficult arrhythmia to manage, is likely to become more prevalent as the population of patients with congenital heart disease grows. While pharmacologic therapy alone often remains inadequate, important advances in nonpharmacologic therapy have occurred recently, enhancing the currently available therapeutic options. This review focuses on advances in electroanatomic mapping and catheter ablation, developments in arrhythmia surgery, and device therapy for IART. RECENT FINDINGS While catheter ablation for IART has high early recurrence rates, the lack of late recurrence in long-term follow-up is encouraging. Acute success may be improved with greater appreciation for reentrant circuits with current electroanatomic mapping systems, and with larger lesions that can be achieved with the use of irrigated-tip catheters. Arrhythmia surgery at the time of Fontan revision has good short-term and medium-term results, and is being studied as a prophylactic measure at initial Fontan surgery. Device therapy for IART now includes algorithms to prevent atrial arrhythmias, as well as antitachycardia pacing, which can be used safely and has very high efficacy for certain subgroups. SUMMARY Due to recent advances in mapping and ablation technology, coupled with developments in arrhythmia surgery and device therapy, the armamentarium of nonpharmacologic management of IART has become more potent. There are still, however, unique challenges posed by patients with congenital heart disease, and long-term follow-up in large numbers of patients with IART are required for this expanding population of patients.},
    author = {Kannankeril, Prince J and Fish, Frank A},
    issn = {0268-4705},
    journal = {Current opinion in cardiology},
    month = {3},
    number = {2},
    pages = {89--93},
    pmid = {15711193},
    title = {{Management of intra-atrial reentrant tachycardia.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15711193},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2005}
}

@article{iart-pathophysiology,
    author = {Anselme, Fr{\'{e}}d{\'{e}}ric},
    doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2008.01.034},
    issn = {15475271},
    journal = {Heart Rhythm},
    month = {6},
    number = {6},
    pages = {S18--S21},
    pmid = {18456195},
    title = {{Macroreentrant atrial tachycardia: Pathophysiological concepts}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18456195 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1547527108001197},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2008}
}

@online{iart-uptodate,
    author = {Homoud, Munther K},
    editors = {Lévy, Samuel and Downey, Brian C},
    title = {Intraatrial reentrant tachycardia},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/intraatrial-reentrant-tachycardia},
    month = {9},
    year = {2017},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 12.04.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{iart-fat-adenosine,
    abstract = {BACKGROUND We previously proposed that adenosine has mechanism-specific effects on atrial tachycardia (AT), such that adenosine terminates AT attributable to triggered activity, transiently suppresses automatic rhythms, and has no effect on macroreentrant AT. This, however, remains controversial, because other studies have reported that adenosine terminates reentrant AT. To clarify this issue, we used 3D electroanatomic mapping to delineate the tachycardia circuit and thereby determine whether the response to adenosine differentiates focal from macroreentrant AT. METHODS AND RESULTS We examined the effect of adenosine on 43 ATs in 42 consecutive patients (59+/-15 years of age; 26 female) who received adenosine during tachycardia and whose mechanism of AT was characterized by pharmacological perturbation, entrainment, 3D electroanatomic mapping, and results of radiofrequency ablation. Eight tachycardias were macroreentrant (noncavotricuspid isthmus-dependent), and 35 ATs were focal (either triggered or automatic). Adenosine administered during AT (at doses sufficient to result in AV block) terminated or transiently suppressed focal AT in 33 of 35 cases, whereas 8 of 8 macroreentrant ATs were adenosine insensitive (P{\textless}0.001). Twenty-eight of 35 focal ATs were located along the crista terminalis or tricuspid annulus. CONCLUSIONS The response of AT to adenosine can immediately differentiate atrial tachycardia arising from a focal source from that attributable to macroreentry. This finding can be exploited to facilitate developing a focused, strategic ablative approach at the onset of a procedure.},
    author = {Iwai, Sei and Markowitz, Steven M and Stein, Kenneth M and Mittal, Suneet and Slotwiner, David J and Das, Mithilesh K and Cohen, Jennifer D and Hao, Steven C and Lerman, Bruce B},
    doi = {10.1161/01.CIR.0000040587.73251.48},
    issn = {1524-4539},
    journal = {Circulation},
    month = {11},
    number = {22},
    pages = {2793--9},
    pmid = {12451005},
    publisher = {American Heart Association, Inc.},
    title = {{Response to adenosine differentiates focal from macroreentrant atrial tachycardia: validation using three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12451005},
    volume = {106},
    year = {2002}
}

@article{iart-ecg-example,
    author = {Zambito, Mario P. and Samuel, Bennett P. and Vettukattil, Joseph J. and Ratnasamy, Christopher},
    doi = {10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.08.024},
    issn = {01675273},
    journal = {International Journal of Cardiology},
    keywords = {Ablation,Fluoroless,Intraatrial reentrant tachycardia,Radiofrequency catheter,Single ventricle physiology,Three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping system,Three-dimensional mapping},
    month = {12},
    pages = {126--128},
    pmid = {26298353},
    title = {{Fluoroless catheter ablation of intraatrial reentrant tachycardia status post Fontan procedure}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26298353 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167527315302576},
    volume = {201},
    year = {2015}
}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%JET und AVNRT
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%JET
@article{jet-main,
    abstract = {{\textless}h2{\textgreater}Abstract{\textless}/h2{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}Junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a unique type of supraventricular arrhythmia defined by narrow QRS complex and atrioventricular (AV) dissociation or retrograde atrial conduction in a 1:1 pattern. JET has two forms of presentations: occurring immediately after surgery (post-operative) or a primary idiopathic form presenting in infancy (congenital). Post-operative JET is a potential life threatening tachycardia that mainly occurs after surgical correction of congenital heart defects. In general, it is a self-limiting disorder that usually resolves within one week. However, it can be a potentially serious arrhythmia, associated with hemodynamic compromise and a high morbidity and mortality. Congenital JET occurs in the first six months of life and is usually persistent and sometimes sporadic. Mortality with congenital JET has also been reported to be high. It is thought that both the presentations are due to abnormal automaticity of the AV node or proximal bundle of His. However, the risk factors, etiology and management of these two forms of JET are different. This manuscript reviews the literature on the incidence and risk factors of both forms of JET and current strategies for the diagnosis and management of each form.{\textless}/p{\textgreater}},
    author = {Batra, Anjan S. and Mohari, Nivedita},
    doi = {10.1016/j.ppedcard.2012.11.007},
    issn = {10589813},
    journal = {Progress in Pediatric Cardiology},
    keywords = {Congenital,Congenital heart disease,Junctional ectopic tachycardia,Post-operative},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {49--54},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    title = {{Junctional ectopic tachycardia: Current strategies for diagnosis and management}},
    url = {http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1058981312000896},
    volume = {35},
    year = {2013}
}

@article{jet-german,
    abstract = {Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is a potential life-threatening tachycardia that mainly occurs after surgical correction of congenital heart defects. The arrhythmia itself or the related treatment has significant clinical impact on the postoperative course and intensive care stay. In general, JET is a self-limiting disorder that usually resolves within one week. However, JET occurs usually within the first 24 to 48 hours after corrective surgery, when systolic and diastolic function of the heart is impaired. Thus, the rapid heart rate leads to an acute further deterioration of cardiac output that requires adequate treatment. The diagnosis of JET is made by the typical ECG-appearance with narrow QRS-configuration at a rate of 170 to 260 bpm and AV-dissociation. A variety of different therapeutic strategies have been tested in postoperative and congenital/spontaneous JET. Treatment success is usually defined as a stable decrease in the ventricular rate below 140-150/min, the possibility of atrial pacing and thereby the improvement of cardiac output. Optimal success is the reinstitution of sinus rhythm. Many of the treatment strategies reported are based on specific institutional treatment protocols. These include conventional supportive treatment, specific medical antiarrhythmic therapy, specific forms of pacing and surface cooling. Today, the administration of high doses of amiodarone usually leads to adequate control of the rate and enables pacing. Surgical intervention or catheter ablation of the HIS-bundle is rarely necessary. This article reviews the literature about JET over the past years and offers a specific treatment protocol.},
    author = {Haas, N. A. and Plumpton, K. and Pohlner, P. and Justo, R. and Jalali, H.},
    doi = {10.1007/s00392-004-0067-3},
    issn = {0300-5860},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Kardiologie},
    month = {5},
    number = {5},
    pages = {371--380},
    pmid = {15160272},
    title = {{Postoperative junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET)}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15160272 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00392-004-0067-3},
    volume = {93},
    year = {2004}
}

@article{congenital-jet-therapy,
    abstract = {OBJECTIVES
    To determine the outcomes of medical management, pacing, and catheter ablation for the treatment of nonpost-operative junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) in a pediatric population. 
    
    BACKGROUND
    Nonpost-operative JET is a rare tachyarrhythmia that is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Most reports of clinical outcomes were published before the routine use of amiodarone or ablation therapies. 
    
    METHODS
    This is an international, multicenter retrospective outcome study of pediatric patients treated for nonpost-operative JET. 
    
    RESULTS
    A total of 94 patients with JET and 5 patients with accelerated junctional rhythm (age 0.8 year, range fetus to 16 years) from 22 institutions were identified. JET patients presenting at age ≤6 months were more likely to have incessant JET and to have faster JET rates. Antiarrhythmic medications were utilized in a majority of JET patients (89{\%}), and of those, amiodarone was the most commonly reported effective agent (60{\%}). Radiofrequency ablation was conducted in 17 patients and cryoablation in 27, with comparable success rates (82{\%} radiofrequency vs. 85{\%} cryoablation, p = 1.0). Atrioventricular junction ablation was required in 3{\%} and pacemaker implantation in 14{\%}. There were 4 (4{\%}) deaths, all in patients presenting at age ≤6 months. 
    
    CONCLUSIONS
    Patients with nonpost-operative JET have a wide range of clinical presentations, with younger patients demonstrating higher morbidity and mortality. With current medical, ablative, and device therapies, the majority of patients have a good clinical outcome.},
    author = {Collins, Kathryn K. and {Van Hare}, George F. and Kertesz, Naomi J. and Law, Ian H. and Bar-Cohen, Yaniv and Dubin, Anne M. and Etheridge, Susan P. and Berul, Charles I. and Avari, Jennifer N. and Tuzcu, Volkan and Sreeram, Narayanswami and Schaffer, Michael S. and Fournier, Anne and Sanatani, Shubhayan and Snyder, Christopher S. and Smith, Richard T. and Arabia, Luis and Hamilton, Robert and Chun, Terrence and Liberman, Leonardo and Kakavand, Bahram and Paul, Thomas and Tanel, Ronn E.},
    doi = {10.1016/J.JACC.2008.11.019},
    issn = {0735-1097},
    journal = {Journal of the American College of Cardiology},
    month = {2},
    number = {8},
    pages = {690--697},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    title = {{Pediatric Nonpost-Operative Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia: Medical Management and Interventional Therapies}},
    url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109708038850?via{\%}3Dihub},
    volume = {53},
    year = {2009}
}

@article{jet-ivabradine-congenital,
    abstract = {Ivabradine is a new antiarrhythmic agent with direct inhibition of the pacemaker (If) current. It has been used extensively to decrease sinus rate in the treatment of cardiac failure, and also in a single case of atrial ectopic tachycardia in a child. Here we report the case of a 3-year-old girl with congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET), resistant to conventional antiarrhythmic medications, who was successfully treated with ivabradine. We suggest that ivabradine can be an effective treatment for junctional automatic tachycardias and can be considered as a new line of therapy for this incessant form of tachycardia.},
    author = {Al-Ghamdi, Saleh and Al-Fayyadh, Majid I. and Hamilton, Robert M.},
    doi = {10.1111/jce.12081},
    issn = {10453873},
    journal = {Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology},
    keywords = {If current,heart failure,ivabradine,junctional ectopic tachycardia,pediatrics},
    month = {7},
    number = {7},
    pages = {822--824},
    pmid = {23373720},
    title = {{Potential New Indication for Ivabradine: Treatment of a Patient with Congenital Junctional Ectopic Tachycardia}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23373720 http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jce.12081},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2013}
}

@article{jet-ivabradine-congenital-germany,
    abstract = {BACKGROUND Treatment of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET) is often challenging. In the majority of patients affected, a combination of ≥2 antiarrhythmic drugs is required for JET control. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of adjunctive ivabradine therapy for pediatric congenital JET. METHODS Since January 2015, 5 consecutive patients aged 10 days to 3.5 years (median 8 weeks) were treated with adjunctive ivabradine for congenital JET. All patients had previously undergone antiarrhythmic therapy with unsatisfactory control of JET. Ivabradine was administered orally at an initial dosage of 0.05-0.1 mg/kg/d divided into 2 single doses and was increased up to 0.28 mg/kg/d if necessary. RESULTS In all 5 patients, ivabradine proved to be successful in controlling JET. Complete suppression of JET and conversion into sinus rhythm were achieved in 4 of 5 patients. The remaining patient had effective heart rate control with persistent slow JET. Mean heart rate was reduced by 31{\%} compared to pre-ivabradine (P = .03) as assessed by 24-hour Holter monitoring. Echocardiography revealed improvement of left ventricular function in all 3 patients with previously impaired left ventricular function. No significant side effects of ivabradine were encountered during median follow-up of 135 days (range 37-203 days). CONCLUSION In our group of patients with congenital JET, adjunctive treatment with ivabradine resulted in effective and safe rhythm/heart rate control and therefore may be recommended early in the course of this rare inborn tachyarrhythmia.},
    author = {Dieks, Jana-Katharina and Klehs, Sophia and M{\"{u}}ller, Matthias J. and Paul, Thomas and Krause, Ulrich},
    doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.015},
    issn = {15475271},
    journal = {Heart Rhythm},
    keywords = {Arrhythmia,Children,Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia,Ivabradine},
    month = {6},
    number = {6},
    pages = {1297--1302},
    pmid = {27216242},
    title = {{Adjunctive ivabradine in combination with amiodarone: A novel therapy for pediatric congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27216242 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1547527116300169},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{jet-ivabradine-post-operation,
    abstract = {We report two cases of malignant junctional ectopic tachycardia (JET), in infants following congenital heart surgery. After the failure of conventional therapy the arrhythmia was controlled by oral Ivabradine, a drug which is routinely used to lower heart rate in angina and heart failure in adult practice.},
    author = {Kumar, Vivek and Kumar, Gaurav and Joshi, Sajan and Sharma, Vipul},
    doi = {10.1016/J.IHJ.2017.09.007},
    issn = {0019-4832},
    journal = {Indian Heart Journal},
    month = {9},
    number = {5},
    pages = {666--667},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    title = {{Ivabradine for junctional ectopic tachycardia in post congenital heart surgery}},
    url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019483217304807?via{\%}3Dihub},
    volume = {69},
    year = {2017}
}


% AVNRT
@online{avnrt-ecgpedia,
    author = {Jong, Jonas de},
    title = {{AVNRT}},
    organization = {ECGpedia},
    url = {https://en.ecgpedia.org/wiki/AVNRT},
    month = {12},
    year = {2012},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 06.04.2018)},
    keywords = {online},
}

@online{lifeinthefastlane-supra,
    author = {lifeinthefastlane.com},
    title = {Supraventricular Tachycardia},
    urlseen = {2017-10-08},
    url = {https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/svt/},
    month = {},
    year = {},
    keywords = {online},
}

@article{avnrt-ablation-success,
    abstract = {Catheter ablation is nowadays the first therapeutic option for AVNRT, the most common benign supraventricular tachycardia. Both cryotherapy and radiofrequency energy may be used to ablate the slow pathway. This paper compares both techniques, evaluates results published in literature and gives feedback on some typical aspects of cryo- and RF ablation. Although both techniques have satisfying success rates in AVNRT ablation, with a higher safety profile of cryoablation towards creation of inadvertent atrioventricular block, it remains paramount that the operator respects the distinctive traits of each technique in order to obtain an optimal result in every patient.},
    author = {Leila, Riahi and Raluca, Prisecaru and Yves, De Greef and Dirk, Stockman and Bruno, Schwagten},
    doi = {10.4022/jafib.1220},
    issn = {1941-6911},
    journal = {Journal of atrial fibrillation},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1220},
    pmid = {27957174},
    publisher = {CardioFront, LLC},
    title = {{Cryoablation Versus Radiofrequency Ablation in AVNRT: Same Goal, Different Strategy.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27957174 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5135113},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2015},
    month = {6},
}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Atrioventrikuläre Tachykardien
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

% PJRT

@article{pjrt-adults,
    author = {Meiltz, Alexandre and Weber, Reinold and Halimi, Franck and Defaye, Pascal and Boveda, Serge and Tavernier, Ren{\'{e}} and Kalusche, Dietrich and Zimmermann, Marc},
    doi = {10.1093/europace/euj007},
    issn = {1532-2092},
    journal = {EP Europace},
    keywords = {permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {21--28},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {{Permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia in adults: peculiar features and results of radiofrequency catheter ablation}},
    url = {http://academic.oup.com/europace/article/8/1/21/2398583/Permanent-form-of-junctional-reciprocating},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2006}
}


@article{pjrt-children,
    abstract = {BACKGROUND Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia (PJRT) is an uncommon form of supraventricular tachycardia in children. Treatment of this arrhythmia has been considered difficult because of a high medication failure rate and risk of cardiomyopathy. Outcomes in the current era of interventional treatment with catheter ablation have not been published. OBJECTIVE To describe the presentation and clinical course of PJRT in children. METHODS This is a retrospective review of 194 pediatric patients with PJRT managed at 11 institutions between January 2000 and December 2010. RESULTS The median age at diagnosis was 3.2 months, including 110 infants (57{\%}; aged {\textless}1 year). PJRT was incessant in 47{\%}. The ratio of RP interval to cycle length was higher with incessant than with nonincessant tachycardia. Tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy was observed in 18{\%}. Antiarrhythmic medications were used for initial management in 76{\%}, while catheter ablation was used initially in only 10{\%}. Medications achieved complete resolution in 23{\%} with clinical benefit in an additional 47{\%}. Overall, 140 patients underwent 175 catheter ablation procedures with a success rate of 90{\%}. There were complications in 9{\%} with no major complications reported. Patients were followed for a median of 45.1 months. Regardless of treatment modality, normal sinus rhythm was present in 90{\%} at last follow-up. Spontaneous resolution occurred in 12{\%} of the patients. CONCLUSION PJRT in children is frequently incessant at the time of diagnosis and may be associated with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy. Antiarrhythmic medications result in complete control in few patients. Catheter ablation is effective, and serious complications are rare.},
    author = {Kang, Kristopher T. and Potts, James E. and Radbill, Andrew E. and {La Page}, Martin J. and Papagiannis, John and Garnreiter, Jason M. and Kubus, Petr and Kantoch, Michal J. and {Von Bergen}, Nicholas H. and Fournier, Anne and C{\^{o}}t{\'{e}}, Jean-Marc and Paul, Thomas and Anderson, Charles C. and Cannon, Bryan C. and Miyake, Christina Y. and Blaufox, Andrew D. and Etheridge, Susan P. and Sanatani, Shubhayan},
    doi = {10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.04.033},
    issn = {15475271},
    journal = {Heart Rhythm},
    keywords = {Antiarrhythmic medications ok,Catheter ablation,Pediatrics,Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia},
    month = {8},
    number = {8},
    pages = {1426--1432},
    pmid = {24769425},
    title = {{Permanent junctional reciprocating tachycardia in children: A multicenter experience}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24769425 http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1547527114004615},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{svt-european,
    author = {Katritsis, Demosthenes G. and Boriani, Giuseppe and Cosio, Francisco G. and Hindricks, Gerhard and Ja{\"{i}}s, Pierre and Josephson, Mark E. and Keegan, Roberto and Kim, Young-Hoon and Knight, Bradley P. and Kuck, Karl-Heinz and Lane, Deirdre A. and Lip, Gregory Y. H. and Malmborg, Helena and Oral, Hakan and Pappone, Carlo and Themistoclakis, Sakis and Wood, Kathryn A. and Blomstr{\"{o}}m-Lundqvist, Carina and Gorenek, Bulent and Dagres, Nikolaos and Dan, Gheorge-Andrei and Vos, Marc A and Kudaiberdieva, Gulmira and Crijns, Harry and Roberts-Thomson, Kurt and Lin, Yenn-Jiang and Vanegas, Diego and Caorsi, Walter Reyes and Cronin, Edmond and Rickard, Jack},
    doi = {10.1093/europace/euw301},
    issn = {1099-5129},
    journal = {EP Europace},
    month = {3},
    number = {3},
    pages = {465--511},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {{European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) consensus document on the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, endorsed by Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulaci{\'{o}}n Cardiaca y Electrofisiologia (SOLAECE)}},
    url = {https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/2631183/European},
    volume = {19},
    year = {2017}
}

% WPW

@article{wpw-german,
    author = {Voss, Frederik and Eckardt, Lars and Busch, Sonia and Estner, Heidi L. and Steven, Daniel and Sommer, Philipp and von Bary, Christian and Neuberger, Hans-Ruprecht},
    doi = {10.1007/s00399-016-0466-y},
    issn = {0938-7412},
    journal = {Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie},
    month = {12},
    number = {4},
    pages = {381--389},
    publisher = {Springer Medizin},
    title = {{AV-Reentry-Tachykardie und Wolff-Parkinson-White-Syndrom}},
    url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00399-016-0466-y},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{wpw-asymptomatic,
    abstract = {Debate about the best clinical approach to the management of asymptomatic patients with ventricular pre-excitation and advice on whether or not to invasively stratify and ablate is on-going. Weak evidence about the real risk of sudden cardiac death and the potential benefit of catheter ablation has probably prevented the clarification of action in this not infrequent and sometimes conflicting clinical situation. After analysing all available data, real evidence-based medicine could be the alternative strategy for managing this group of patients. According to recent surveys, most electrophysiologists invasively stratify. Based on all accepted risk factors - younger age, male, associated structural heart disease, posteroseptal localisation, ability of the accessory pathway to conduct anterogradely at short intervals of ≤250 milliseconds and inducibility of sustained atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia and/or atrial fibrillation - a shared decisionmaking process on catheter ablation is proposed.},
    author = {Brugada, Josep and Keegan, Roberto},
    doi = {10.15420/aer.2017.51.2},
    issn = {2050-3369},
    journal = {Arrhythmia {\&} electrophysiology review},
    keywords = {Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome,asymptomatic,catheter ablation,pre-excitation,sudden cardiac death},
    month = {3},
    number = {1},
    pages = {32--38},
    pmid = {29636970},
    publisher = {Radcliffe Cardiology},
    title = {{Asymptomatic Ventricular Pre-excitation: Between Sudden Cardiac Death and Catheter Ablation.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29636970 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5889808},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{wpw-avnrt,
    abstract = {Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is the most common type of reentrant paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia that occurs in the presence of dual AV nodal physiology. Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome is another type of supraventricular tachycardia characterized by short PR intervals, delta waves and wide QRS complexes on the surface electrocardiogram (ECG), reflecting atrioventricular pre-excitation. Uncommonly, AV nodal reentry and accessory pathways can coexist. In this case report, we present a patient who had frequent episodes of palpitation and syncope and recently presented to the emergency department (ED) with the complaint of dizziness. We performed successful radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation of mitral annulus posterolateral accessory pathway and AVNRT which was the cause of the second tachycardia induced during the same session.},
    author = {Elitok, Ali and Aksan, G{\"{o}}khan and Sons{\"{o}}z, Mehmet Rasih and Tezcan, Mehmet and {\c{C}}evrim, {\"{O}}zg{\"{u}}r},
    doi = {10.1016/j.tjem.2017.12.002},
    issn = {2452-2473},
    journal = {Turkish journal of emergency medicine},
    keywords = {Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia,Radiofrequency ablation,Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome},
    month = {9},
    number = {3},
    pages = {131--133},
    pmid = {30191196},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    title = {{The coexistence of Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW) and atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT).}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30191196 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC6107921},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2018}
}

% AB

@article{ab-location-algorithms,
    abstract = {PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of three algorithms in predicting accessory pathway locations in adult patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome in Turkish population. METHODS A total of 207 adult patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome were retrospectively analyzed. The most preexcited 12-lead electrocardiogram in sinus rhythm was used for analysis. Two investigators blinded to the patient data used three algorithms for prediction of accessory pathway location. RESULTS Among all locations, 48.5{\%} were left-sided, 44{\%} were right-sided, and 7.5{\%} were located in the midseptum or anteroseptum. When only exact locations were accepted as match, predictive accuracy for Chiang was 71.5{\%}, 72.4{\%} for d'Avila, and 71.5{\%} for Arruda. The percentage of predictive accuracy of all algorithms did not differ between the algorithms (p = 1.000; p = 0.875; p = 0.885, respectively). The best algorithm for prediction of right-sided, left-sided, and anteroseptal and midseptal accessory pathways was Arruda (p {\textless} 0.001). Arruda was significantly better than d'Avila in predicting adjacent sites (p = 0.035) and the percent of the contralateral site prediction was higher with d'Avila than Arruda (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS All algorithms were similar in predicting accessory pathway location and the predicted accuracy was lower than previously reported by their authors. However, according to the accessory pathway site, the algorithm designed by Arruda et al. showed better predictions than the other algorithms and using this algorithm may provide advantages before a planned ablation.},
    author = {Maden, Orhan and Balci, Kevser G{\"{u}}lcihan and Selcuk, Mehmet Timur and Balci, Mustafa M{\"{u}}cahit and A{\c{c}}ar, Burak and Unal, Sefa and Kara, Meryem and Selcuk, Hatice},
    doi = {10.1007/s10840-015-0057-6},
    issn = {1383-875X},
    journal = {Journal of Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology},
    keywords = {Accessory pathways,Algorithms,Cardiac electrophysiology,Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome},
    month = {12},
    number = {3},
    pages = {213--219},
    pmid = {26384677},
    title = {{Comparison of the accuracy of three algorithms in predicting accessory pathways among adult Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome patients}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26384677 http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10840-015-0057-6},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2015}
}

@article{ab-arruda,
    abstract = {INTRODUCTION Delta wave morphology correlates with the site of ventricular insertion of accessory AV pathways. Because lesions due to radiofrequency (RF) current are small and well defined, it may allow precise localization of accessory pathways. The purpose of this study was to use RF catheter ablation to develop an ECG algorithm to predict accessory pathway location. METHODS AND RESULTS An algorithm was developed by correlating a resting 12-lead ECG with the successful RF ablation site in 135 consecutive patients with a single, anterogradely conducting accessory pathway (Retrospective phase). This algorithm was subsequently tested prospectively in 121 consecutive patients (Prospective phase). The ECG findings included the initial 20 msec of the delta wave in leads I, II, aVF, and V1 [classified as positive (+), negative (-), or isoelectric (+/-)] and the ratio of R and S wave amplitudes in leads III and V1 (classified as R {\textgreater} or = S or R {\textless} S). When tested prospectively, the ECG algorithm accurately localized the accessory pathway to 1 of 10 sites around the tricuspid and mitral annuli or at subepicardial locations within the venous system of the heart. Overall sensitivity was 90{\%} and specificity was 99{\%}. The algorithm was particularly useful in correctly localizing anteroseptal (sensitivity 75{\%}, specificity 99{\%}), and mid-septal (sensitivity 100{\%}, specificity 98{\%}) accessory pathways as well as pathways requiring ablation from within ventricular venous branches or anomalies of the coronary sinus (sensitivity 100{\%}, specificity 100{\%}). CONCLUSION A simple ECG algorithm identifies accessory pathway ablation site in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. A truly negative delta wave in lead II predicts ablation within the coronary venous system.},
    author = {Arruda, M S and McClelland, J H and Wang, X and Beckman, K J and Widman, L E and Gonzalez, M D and Nakagawa, H and Lazzara, R and Jackman, W M},
    issn = {1045-3873},
    journal = {Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology},
    month = {1},
    number = {1},
    pages = {2--12},
    pmid = {9475572},
    title = {{Development and validation of an ECG algorithm for identifying accessory pathway ablation site in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9475572},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1998}
}

% Mahaim

@article{mahaim-main,
    abstract = {The term Mahaim conduction is conventionally used to describe decrementally conducting connections between the right atrium or the AV node and the right ventricle in or close to the right bundle branch. Although such pathways are rare, their unique properties make their diagnosis and treatment cumbersome. In this article we review the published evidence, and discuss the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics as well as the anatomy and origin of these fibres.},
    author = {Katritsis, Demosthenes G and Wellens, Hein J and Josephson, Mark E},
    doi = {10.15420/aer.2016:35:1},
    issn = {2050-3369},
    journal = {Arrhythmia {\&} Electrophysiology Review},
    keywords = {Mahaim,accessory,pathway},
    month = {4},
    number = {1},
    pages = {29},
    pmid = {28507744},
    title = {{Mahaim Accessory Pathways}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28507744 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5430943 https://www.aerjournal.com/articles/mahaim-accessory-pathways},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@online{mahaim-uptodate,
    author = {Podrid, Philip J},
    editors = {Olshansky, Brian and Downey Brian C},
    title = {Mahaim fiber tachycardias},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/mahaim-fiber-tachycardias},
    month = {11},
    year = {2018},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 08.12.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

@article{mahaim-nodoventricular,
    author = {Wu, Michael S. and Ip, James E. and Thomas, George and Markowitz, Steven M. and Cheung, Jim W. and Liu, Christopher F. and Lerman, Bruce B.},
    doi = {10.1016/j.hrcr.2017.09.004},
    issn = {22140271},
    journal = {HeartRhythm Case Reports},
    keywords = {Ablation,Arrhythmia,Electrophysiology,Supraventricular tachycardia,Ventricular tachycardia},
    month = {3},
    number = {3},
    pages = {92--97},
    pmid = {29707482},
    title = {{Mahaim pathway tachycardia versus bystander ventricular tachycardia: A distinction without a difference}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29707482 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5918180 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214027117301641},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2018}
}

@book{ablation,
    address = {Singapore},
    doi = {10.1007/978-981-10-4463-2},
    editor = {Hirao, Kenzo},
    isbn = {978-981-10-4462-5},
    publisher = {Springer Singapore},
    title = {{Catheter Ablation}},
    url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-4463-2},
    year = {2018},
    keywords = {book}
}


% LGL

@article{lgl-standard,
    author = {Castellanos, A and Zaman, L and Moleiro, F and Aranda, J M and Myerburg, R J},
    issn = {0147-8389},
    journal = {Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE},
    month = {9},
    number = {5},
    pages = {715--40},
    pmid = {6182544},
    title = {{The Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome.}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6182544},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1982}
}


@article{lgl-case,
    abstract = {BACKGROUND Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, includes a short PR interval, normal QRS complex, and paroxysmal tachycardia. The pathophysiology of this syndrome includes an accessory pathway connecting the atria and the atrioventricular (AV) node (James fiber), or between the atria and the His bundle (Brechenmacher fiber). Similar features are seen in enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction (EAVNC), with the underlying pathophysiology due to a fast pathway to the AV node, and with the diagnosis requiring specific electrophysiologic criteria. CASE REPORT A 17-year-old man presented with a history of recurrent narrow-complex and wide-complex tachycardia on electrocardiogram (ECG). An electrophysiologic study showed an unusually short atrial to His (AH) conduction interval and a normal His to ventricle (HV) interval, without a delta wave. Two stable AH intervals coexisted in the same atrial pacing cycle length. In the recovery curve study, this pathway had a flat conduction curve without an AH increase until the last 60 ms, before reaching the effective refractory period. These ECG changes did not respond to an adenosine challenge. When this pathway became intermittent, there was a paradoxical response to adenosine challenge with conduction via a short AH interval, but without conduction block. Catheter ablation of the AV nodal region resulted in a normalized AH interval, decremental conduction properties, and resulted in a positive response to an adenosine challenge. CONCLUSIONS In this case of Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, electrophysiologic studies supported the role of the accessory pathway of James fibers.},
    author = {Hunter, Juanita and Tsounias, Emmanouil and Cogan, John and Young, Ming-Lon},
    issn = {1941-5923},
    journal = {The American journal of case reports},
    month = {3},
    pages = {309--313},
    pmid = {29550833},
    title = {{A Case of Lown-Ganong-Levine Syndrome: Due to an Accessory Pathway of James Fibers or Enhanced Atrioventricular Nodal Conduction (EAVNC)?}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29550833 http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=PMC5873329},
    volume = {19},
    year = {2018}
}

@online{lgl-uptodate,
    author = {Podrid, Philip J},
    editors = {Zimetbaum, Peter J and Downey Brian C},
    title = {Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome and enhanced atrioventricular nodal conduction},
    organization = {UpToDate},
    url = {https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lown-ganong-levine-syndrome-and-enhanced-atrioventricular-nodal-conduction},
    month = {11},
    year = {2018},
    note = {(Aufgerufen am 23.12.2018)},
    keywords = {online}
}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%Differentialdiagnose
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

@article{dd-svt,
    author = {Lewalter, Thorsten},
    doi = {10.1007/s00399-015-0393-3},
    issn = {0938-7412},
    journal = {Herzschrittmachertherapie + Elektrophysiologie},
    month = {9},
    number = {3},
    pages = {200--207},
    publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
    title = {{Differenzialdiagnostik der Schmalkomplex-Tachykardien}},
    url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00399-015-0393-3},
    volume = {26},
    year = {2015}
}

@article{avnrt-notch,
    author = {{Di Toro}, D. and Hadid, C. and Lopez, C. and Fuselli, J. and Luis, V. and Labadet, C.},
    doi = {10.1093/europace/eup130},
    issn = {1099-5129},
    journal = {Europace},
    month = {7},
    number = {7},
    pages = {944--948},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {{Utility of the aVL lead in the electrocardiographic diagnosis of atrioventricular node re-entrant tachycardia}},
    url = {https://academic.oup.com/europace/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/europace/eup130},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2009}
}

@article{avnrt-avr,
    abstract = {AIM A combined aVR criterion is described as the presence of a pseudo r' wave in aVR during tachycardia in patients without r' wave in aVR in sinus rhythm and/or a ≥50{\%} increase in r' wave amplitude compared to sinus rhythm in patients with r' wave in the basal aVR lead. We aimed to investigate the use of combined aVR criterion in differential diagnosis of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (AVRT). METHODS In this prospective study, 480 patients with inducible narrow QRS supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) were included. Twelve-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was conducted during tachycardia and sinus rhythm. The patients were divided into two groups according to the arrhythmia mechanism that determined via EPS, AVNRT, and AVRT. Criteria of narrow QRS complex tachycardia were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AVNRT was present in 370 (77{\%}) patients and AVRT in 110 (23{\%}) patients. Combined aVR criterion was found to be more frequent in patients with AVNRT (84.1{\%} and 9.1{\%}, p {\textless} 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, combined aVR criterion and classical ECG criterion were found to be the most important predictors of AVNRT (p {\textless} 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the combined aVR criterion for AVNRT were 84.1{\%}, 90.9{\%}, 96.9{\%}, and 62.9{\%}, respectively. CONCLUSION In the differential diagnosis of patients with SVT, the combined aVR criterion identifies the presence of AVNRT with an independent and acceptable diagnostic value. In addition to classical ECG criteria for AVNRT, it is necessary to evaluate the combined aVR criterion in daily practice.},
    author = {Demirtaş, Abdullah Orhan and Icen, Yahya Kemal and Kaypaklı, Onur and Koca, Hasan and {\"{U}}nal, İlker and K{\"{o}}seoğlu, Zikret and Sahin, Durmus Yıldıray and Koc, Mevlut},
    doi = {10.1016/j.jelectrocard.2018.08.027},
    issn = {00220736},
    journal = {Journal of Electrocardiology},
    keywords = {Pseudo r′ wave,R′ wave amplitude increase,Supraventricular tachycardia,aVR derivation},
    month = {11},
    number = {6},
    pages = {1045--1051},
    pmid = {30497728},
    title = {{A new criterion to differentiate atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia from atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia: Combined AVR criterion}},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30497728 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022073618304023},
    volume = {51},
    year = {2018}
}
